To What Extent Have Socialists Disagreed About the Means...

To what extent have socialists disagreed about the means of achieving socialism? Socialism along with many other ideologies has a vast number of different strands and with a couple of different roads to achieving what is fundamentally socialism. Socialism being the ideology that utilises collectivisation to bring people together and to unite people by their common humanity. The two most obvious roads of socialism would be that of revolutionary socialism and also that of evolutionary socialism. This are taken on by two different types of socialists, revisionist socialists and fundamentalist socialists. Revolutionary socialism is the belief that capitalism can only be overthrown by revolution against the current political system. To them†¦show more content†¦This is not doable without violence as the bourgeoisie are unlikely to give up power easily. On the other hand the evolutionary road think that the road to socialism is peaceful and will happen naturally without any sort of violent trigger. To sum socialists think that socialism inevitable no matter wh at road they support, where they differ is how socialism is achieved and the levels of violence required. Both roads are also in agreement with how much need there is for working class consciousness. Socialism in general is very concerned with narrowing the gap between the ruling class and the proletariat. Marxist thinkers, who are very closely linked to revolutionary and revisionist thinkers, believe that the working class are exploited and there is a very clear gap between labour and the capitalists who take advantage of the working class. This links back to the need to revolution as revolutionists believe that this gap will become so large that revolution is the only feasible option. Evolutionists or social democrats define class by income and status differences. Nowadays the link between class and socialists politics had definitely weakened as the gap has become narrower. Furthermore the standards of living and wages have risen significantly and as a result the idea of revolutio n is far less appealing for socialists than it was before. They also agree on the fact that the working class is a huge political force and it isShow MoreRelatedLiberal Perspective of a State7979 Words   |  32 Pagesworld wars and survived major ideological challenges from fascism and communism. Conservatism, fundamentalism, and military dictatorship remain powerful opponents of liberalism. Today, liberals are organized politically on all major continents. They have played a decisive role in the growth of republics, the spread of civil rights and civil liberties, the establishment of the modern welfare state, the institution of religious toleration and religious freedom, and the development of globalization. PoliticalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife

The Debate Over Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples

The Debate Over Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone The very first region of the test is going to be the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing test. The tests are extremely helpful. The majority of the test remained the exact same. Anyway, regular practice tests will reveal to you precisely where you're improving and where you're still able to improve. The approach for this assessment exam should be correctly structured. On top of that, following your practice test, you're going to get personalized practice recommendations so it's possible to concentrate on what you missed. No matter the exam, the path to a greater score is the exact same. All you have to do is know the pace necessary to finish each section of the test, hopefully with a couple of minutes to spare to examine your answers. Therefore, you won't be in a position to use a calculator on a single half of the exam, but will be given full reign to utilize it on an individual half. The essay doesn't factor into the primary ACT score of a maximum 36. To begin with, you're not as likely to acquire writer's block since you're analyzing a passage. Life After Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples You are going to be expected to clearly state a major idea and supply certain examples and details to back up your principal concept, along with follow conventions of standard Engli sh. Next comes the all-important thesis statement that contains a clear outlining of what facets of the author's argument you will be discussing. All the information that you want to compose your essay will be contained in the passage or in notes about it. The info presented in the grammar passage definitely was not conflicting. The New Fuss About Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Whether you're searching for a math tutor, or another sort of academic tutoring, StudyPoint can provide help. The key for an ideal score on the SAT essay is to utilize your time wisely and remain concentrated on the endeavor. Essay 5 Make time to select the practice Essay. Don't forget, that your SAT essay is going to be scored for Reading, and that means you should demonstrate that you comprehend the text's major points. You should find out the format of an effective essay and the way to complete a comprehensive essay within 50 minutes. Learn more about the way the essay is scored. It gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can read and comprehend a passage and write an essay analyzing the passage. KNOWLEDGE based questions ask that you recognize the significance of the situation based on your comprehension of the facts provided. Students may listen to an expert tutor explain the concepts and questions which they're struggling with, in addition to get immediate feedback and an entire explanation for each and every practice question. Nonetheless, it is a great idea to plan on the questions towards the close of the test taking you longer than the questions at the start. There are 52 questions which you must answer in 65 minutes. It's well written and not only offers you practice but helps you with distinctive strategies to attempt to receive the appropriate answer. The absolute most prosperous retesters review the forms of questions that they were unsure how to reply. The Importance of Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Before you're able to consider the pacing for individual sections of the SAT, you need to have some type of idea of the total format of the test. You must answer dozens of samples from every question type before you will feel prepared to tackle the exam. If you would rather, you may also practice employing the MP3 audio format. You will need to assess the test's format and become knowledgeable about its content. Choosing Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples The College Board said it is inten ded to resemble a regular college writing assignment. There are lots of crucial elements in regards to a truly effective SAT study program. The college or university in which you take your test is needed to supply the Pre-Assessment Activity in addition to document your participation. There are two methods to register for the SAT test, on the internet or by mail. Most Noticeable Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Make sure you monitor your pace whilst taking the SAT test. You are also able to get an additional test and a lot of other practice by buying the Magoosh ACT book. The internet practice tests aren't readily available for printing or scoring. Now, in a little bit more detail Taking a practice test at the beginning of your prep is a great idea. The Battle Over Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples and How to Win It Feliciano's following argument is that individuals buy sparkling water since it opens the door to a selection of flavors that soda businesses don't offer. Th e major point is, you don't need to wait until you find the prompt to come up with an arsenal of sorts of argument-building techniques you may use to back up your points. The question population ought to be a superior mix of the types along with cover all PMBOK Guide concepts. If you've tested within the past two decades, you almost certainly will not have to retest. What You Should Do to Find Out About Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind Full-length SAT practice tests are a necessary element of SAT prep. It is really key for this. Like most of different exams, you can improve your SAT scores through practice. Mock SAT tests let you track your progress.

Comparison of the Theories of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on Religion Free Essays

Abstract This paper examines the works of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on religion, looking at how both theorists essentially viewed religion as serving an integral role in human culture. In particular, this essay considers how both theorist consider religious believers to be mistaken in their ontological beliefs, and the rational causes for this. Introduction While both Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim are concerned with the study of human behaviour as it relates to culture, each does so from within distinct traditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of the Theories of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now In terms of religion, Freud’s approach belongs to the psychological tradition, while Durkheim puts forward a sociological approach. In the Freudian view, human behaviour is largely driven by inborn and intangible â€Å"drives†, working in the unconscious. Such phenomena are not directly observable, that is, they are non-empirical; they must consequently be inferred, and as such are conjectural. Durkheim’s sociological method, on the other hand, utilises direct empirical observations of social phenomena (rites, rituals, customs, et cetera), looking to account for the impetus behind and purpose of group behaviour. Hence Freud is concerned with obscure, intangible internal phenomena, whereas Durkheim is concerned with overt and tangible external phenomena. Evidently, the theoretical positions in question to a degree divide between internal and external motivations. Different Routes to the Core of a Delusion Durkheim posits a direct connection between environmental variables, the way groups interact with such variables, and how this interaction is perceived by individual members of said group. There is a mode of cyclical reflexivity in this dynamic: this means people â€Å"living together in society generate rules which are felt by any individual member as acting on him from outside, as having a force which he feels as both uplifting and constraining† (Scharf 1970, 151). This force, Durkheim argues, is an externalisation of conventions peculiar to the group; that are perceived as exogenous but which are in fact endogenous. This tendency to externalise, Durkheim suggests, derives from the natural human desire to ascribe meaning to experience, to seek a pattern in the natural order. Thus, as Kunin states, religion likewise â€Å"is an externalisation of society and its order† and speaks to the â€Å"dialectic relationship between the individual and society† (2003, 82). Religion, then, provides for an externalised object onto which collective emotion can be projected; this is ultimately reflexive because the externalisation at root represents the people themselves. As a result, to honour religious custom is indirectly to honour the group. This is why for Durkheim religious experience serves to strengthen group cohesion and bonding. Freud’s understanding of religion is somewhat pejorative. Connolly observes that Freud noticed â€Å"the connection between abnormal psychological conditions and religion† (1991, 146): which observation he expanded upon in his study â€Å"Obsessive acts and Religious Practices† (1907). As the paper’s title suggests, Freud drew a connection between psychological abnormality and religious practice, noting a resemblance between â€Å"what are called obsessive acts in neurotics and those religious observances by means of which the faithful give expression to their piety† (17). In turn, Freud perceived religion, like neurosis, as symptomatic of deep-seated psychological issues. In the words of Gallucci, â€Å"Freud saw religion as a collective neurotic symptom, an obsessional neurosis† (2001, 76). This â€Å"neurosis†, according to psychoanalytic theory, comes about as a defence mechanism against feelings of helplessness which obtain in a d ispassionate cosmos. Hence the need for a cosmic father figure, who, as a parent comforts the child, palliates the religious subject with conciliatory notions (about purpose, meaning, boundaries, rewards, and so on). This entire dynamic apparently stems from Oedipal anxieties, where â€Å"each person grows up with a sense of foreboding toward a father figure who is both feared and loved†; this, it follows, â€Å"becomes the basis for the cosmic father figure, who offers protection and salvation but in the meantime needs to be appeased by devotion and sacrifice† (Clarke 2002, 43). In Freud’s mind, religion therefore constitutes a surrogate parent. On the surface, Freud and Durkheim proffer two seemingly quite different explanations for religion. Importantly, while these theories are not overtly complementary, nor are they mutually exclusive. Indeed, significant parallels may be drawn between each approach. For example, both both theorists argued that religion is an important factor in community cohesion (Scharf 1970, 155); both agree that â€Å"religion is central to any cultural analysis† (Ginsburg and Pardes 2006, 220); and, thus, both hold that â€Å"that the cognitive roots of religious belief are to be found in social experience† (Spiro 1987, 202). These similarities are significant and, moreover, point to one common determinant: that the underlying basis of religious convictions are contrary to what believers suppose. For Durkheim, the real driving force behind religion is social cohesion; for Freud, the impetus is psychological assuagement. In either case, social unity and mental wellbeing obtain, only for slightly different conceptual reasons. From the above, one might argue that Freud and Durkheim share significant overarching perspectives on religion while holding markedly different structural viewpoints on how and why religion functions. Freud is concerned with psychological structures; Durkheim with sociological structures. Freud believes religion works to console believers from the ultimate anxiety of a meaningless cosmos. Durkheim believes religion provides for a canvas on which social phenomena can be externalised and then re-accommodated as an exogenous entity. Again, both modes of behaviour essentially work to the same purpose: instilling a sense of meaning in human life. At this stage, one might consider the ways in which Freudian theory could compensate for shortfalls in the work of Durkheim and vice versa. For instance, Durkheim offers little in the way of early psychological developmental insights, into the religious process; yet there is no reason that early anxiety (of an Oedipal nature) could not cohere with Durkheimian ideas. Indeed, such anxiety and the consequent potential for neurosis could suggest an even greater need for group cohesion: as a way of reifying the delusion through consensus, thus alleviating the anxiety. Again, this would chime with Durkheim’s understanding that religion is â€Å"a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things [. . .] which unite in one single moral community called a Church† (cited in Gain 2010, 39). By the same token, Freud’s limitations could perhaps be overcome with reference to some of Durkheim’s insights. Scharf notes a â€Å"weakness of Freudian theory† in that it â€Å"does little to explain [the] variety† in articulations of paternity and fraternity within religious discourse , advising that, here, â€Å"Durkheim’s structural approach has more value† (1970, 154). Accordingly we see that a synthesis of theoretical approaches may not only be possible but highly advantageous. Conclusion Freud and Durkheim take very different roads to arrive at more or less the same destination. For this reason, significant and consistent core elements may be identified between their works. These include the fundamental belief that religion serves an explicable, material, social purpose which is essentially external to theological concerns; that religious believers are at base mistaken in their beliefs (insomuch as these beliefs are connected to cosmic phenomena beyond the rationally explicable); that, it follows, religion is the irrational articulation of an ultimately rational cause (anxiety or clan behaviour); that religion can function as a surrogate or projection of humanity – reformed with divine auspices; and that, finally, religion is an integral element of human culture. What is fundamentally different in these two authors is their methodological priorities. Each man comes from a very distinct tradition. Put simply, Freud and Durkheim were engaged in different discipl ines; as a result, their pursuits were orientated differently The reason Freud and Durkheim’s works are compared at all is that the realms of the sociological and of the psychological possess mutual territory: the grounds of culture. Both theorists have their limitations. Durkheim can be accused of being over reductive and simplistic. Social structure may not be enough to account for every aspect of religion. Psychological, cognitive and other inborn factors may also have a large part to play. Freud, on the other hand, may place too much onus on the unconscious drives in dictating religious experience. After all, religion is so varied and complex, it might be argued, to defy any wholesale theory to explain it away. What, for example, do we make of religions in which there is no â€Å"father figure† proper; or religions which proclaim no deity at allClearly there are unanswered questions on both sides of the aisle. Perhaps a hybrid methodology that adopted a syncretic approach to the study of religion might help answer these questi ons. After all, it seems to be the case that both Freud and Durkheim arrived at crucial insights into the social and psychological determinants that drive religion. References Clarke, P. J. (2002) Explaining Philosophy and Ethics. Cheltenham: Nelson Thomas. Connolly, P. (1991) â€Å"Psychological Approaches†. In: Connolly, P. ed. Approaches to the Study of Religion. New York: Continuum, pp. 135-193. Durkheim, E. (1912). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. (J. Swain, Trans.) New York: The Free Press. Freud, S. (1907) â€Å"Obsessive Acts and Religious Practices†. In: J Strachey (ed. and trans.) Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press. Gain, M., 2010. On Durkheim’s Rules of Sociological Method (Routledge Revivals). New York: Routledge. Gallucci, G. M., 2001. Plato and Freud: Statesmen of the Soul. Philadelphia: Xlibris. Ginsburg, R. Pardes, L., 2006. New Perspectives on Freud’s Moses and Monotheism. Tubingen: Niemeyer. Kunin, S. D., 2003. Religion: The Modern Theories. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Scharf, B. R., 1970. â€Å"Durkheimian and Freudian Theories of Religion: The Case of Judaism†, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 21. 2 (June), pp. 151-163. Spiro, M. E., 1987. Culture and Human Nature. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. How to cite Comparison of the Theories of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on Religion, Essay examples