Stephen Cranes The Open Boat Essay -- Stephen Crane Open Boat Essays

Stephen Crane's The Open Boat Mankind frequently will in general consider itself to be by and large in some way or another significant in the fantastic plan of the Universe. We discuss 'destiny' as though we were put here for reasons unknown, or reason. We have our religions, which regularly fill in as a motor to drive our lives and as a way to offer significance to them. Yet, for what reason do we consider ourselves in such a predominant design? Do we truly make a difference by any stretch of the imagination? Would the Universe stop in the event that we were out of nowhere removed? In his short story, 'The Open Boat,' Stephen Crane shows us a Universe absolutely uninterested with the undertakings of mankind; it is a detached Universe where Man needs to battle to endure. The characters in the story encounter this detachment and are almost overwhelmed by Nature's absence of concern. They endure just through industriousness and participation. All we have, Crane affirms, in our steady battle for endurance, is 'diffi cult pride- - and one another.' The story opens with four men, referred to just as the commander, the oiler, the reporter, and the cook, abandoned in the sea in a little pontoon. Crane's depictions in these initial scenes show immediately the threat of the men and the ocean and nature's absence of worry for their disaster: 'The winged animals sat easily in gatherings, and they were begrudged by some in the dingey, for the rage of the ocean was no more to them than it was to a brood of grassland chickens a thousand miles inland.'(2) The men are in an edgy circumstance, however nature proceeds in its direction...

Gandhi’s Impact on the Liberation of Indian Women Free Essays

India has the world’s biggest number of expertly qualified ladies. It has progressively female specialists, specialists, researchers and teachers than the United Statesi. This is an exceptional achievement for Indian ladies. We will compose a custom article test on Gandhi’s Impact on the Liberation of Indian Women or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Regardless of the entirety of this, for a large number of years Indian ladies have been dealt with unjustifiably and inconsistent. It has taken a long time for ladies to pick up regard in the public eye; it didn't come over night. Not one single occasion has liberated ladies, rather it has been a progression of occasions which has driven Indian ladies to their freedom. Numerous mobs, fights and ground-breaking administration have occurred so as to defeat this thorough battle. Because of the initiative of small time India changed from being constrained by the British Commonwealth to turning out to be and Independent Nation. This pioneer was Mahatma Gandhi. In is endeavors to build up an autonomous nation he additionally cleared the way for Indian ladies to rise and criticize the social standards, which avoided them in the public eye. During the hour of Gandhi’s initiative he watched numerous occurrences in which ladies were languishing. For example, the normal life expectancy of an Indian was 27 years as the two children and pregnant ladies ran a high danger of passing on youthful. Kid relationships were normal, widows were in high numbers, and just 2% of the ladies had any training. Also, explicitly in North India the ladies rehearsed the purda (cloak) framework, in which they needed to keep their countenances secured if they somehow happened to head outside. Gandhi perceived and endeavored to change the horrendous enduring of Indian ladies and along these lines, he started ladies to step out of their homes and partake in the fights by his utilization of Satyagraha theory, which brought about a few ladies driving their own developments. The destructive treatment toward Indian ladies was significantly because of cultural and strict holy observances. Numerous cultural and strict traditions subjected ladies and made them substandard compared to man. A hundred years prior it was regular for youngster union with happen, and for it to be totally legitimate. Youngster relationships were viewed as significant in Indian culture particularly in the Hindu religion, since it was essential to be hitched to somebody of a similar standing and along these lines ought to be masterminded at a youthful age. In any case, this perpetually prompted a high number of youngster widows since the men the little youngsters were wedding were a lot more seasoned. Gandhi expressed â€Å"not just think of it as unrefined however a wrongdoing against God to consider the association of youngsters a wedded state since it sabotages ethics and instigates physical degeneration†ii. He perceived that kid relationships were shameless and furthermore added to the high number of kid widows. Gandhi accepted that on the off chance that little youngsters were not hitched at such youthful ages, at that point the quantity of kid widows would diminish. In spite of the fact that, Gandhi was hitched at a youthful age of 13 he â€Å"vehemently† denounced kid relationships and contended that old Hindu scriptural writings setting down â€Å"barbaric† and â€Å"degrading† rules with respect to ladies ought to be revisediii. Gandhi proposed the possibility that kid relationships ought not happen and that there ought to be a base age at which a young lady can be hitched. This proposition by Gandhi started ladies to make a move on this issue. At the primary meeting of the Women’s Conference they received a goals encouraging the administration to make relationships under 16 a correctional offense. Despite the fact that, this took time to authorize in the long run in 1929 the Sarda Act occurred fixing as far as possible to 15 iv. This was the principal administrative order the ladies had won, and a considerable piece of this was expected to Gandhi’s acknowledgment that ladies were rises to. Gandhi unequivocally accepted that ladies and men were of equivalent sex and ladies ought not be dealt with any in an unexpected way. Gandhi expressed, â€Å"Woman is the partner of man, talented with equivalent mental limits. She has the option to partake in minutest detail in the exercises of man and she has an equivalent right of opportunity and freedom with him†v. Gandhi had a solid feeling of regard for ladies in the public arena and accepted they should have been dealt with similarly. Another cultural and strict weight that was viewed as fundamental for Indian ladies to rehearse was the purdah (shroud) framework. Purdah was to a greater degree a custom to regions of Islamic standard. Ladies were to keep all pieces of their body canvassed out in the open, aside from their eyes. Gandhi saw the impacts purdah had on ladies, and accepted that chasity originated from inside and that it couldn't be ensured by the purdah. Gandhi expressed, â€Å"It must develop from inside, and to merit anything it must be equipped for withstanding each unsought temptation†vi. The purdah framework confined ladies to the family and even such assignments as shopping were the obligation of the men. Gandhi urged a battle to be searched out which would teach both the people, â€Å"If the crusade is efficient, and proceeded with energy, the purdah should turn into a thing of the past†vii. Despite the fact that the purdah framework has not been completely dispensed with it has altogether diminished among ladies in South Asia today. In any case, Gandhi found that even the individuals who were taught didn't have the fortitude to dismiss the purdah customviii. The proposal by Gandhi to teach young ladies was made right off the bat in the nineteenth century to wipe out practices that subjected ladies. The training of ladies was poor at the hour of Gandhi, and this was a direct result of their low status in the public arena. As the Nationlist development built up a high greatness base in the 1930’s consideration started to be coordinated toward the instruction of the group. In 1973, Gandhi sorted out a gathering which came to be known as the Wardha plot, an arrangement of essential instruction for India. Young ladies fundamental training was to focus on local courses. In any case, Gandhi stressed that men’s and women’s training ought to contrast. This thought is one that doesn't really add to fairness. Gandhi states, † We will acknowledge equity of rights for ladies, however I figure their instruction ought to vary from men’s as their inclination and capacity do†ix. Gandhi wanted ladies to accomplish uniformity, nonetheless; he despite everything accepted that ladies had an alternate job. The way that there are various jobs because of sexual orientation doesn't really bolster women’s freedom. This logical inconsistency in Gandhi’s work is because of his conviction that, â€Å"It is women’s option to manage the house. Man is ace outside of it† x. Gandhi positively accepted that the training for ladies was critical, in any case; he didn't accept that the strategies for instruction ought to be indistinguishable in the two cases xi. When ladies got taught by Gandhi they would no longer endure â€Å"glaring imbalances to which they are subjected† xii. Gandhi accentuated the significance of instruction and after autonomy came a protected assurance to set up free and obligatory training for all kids xiii. Gandhi’s shrewd perceptions on Indian ladies have started generous changes to their way of life and status in the public eye because of his support of training. To get ladies out of their homes and take an interest in the opportunity for Independence Gandhi presented his way of thinking of Satyagraha. Gandhi’s theory of Satyagraha is one that spoke to ladies and added to their liberation. In South Africa Gandhi built up the strategy of Satyagraha or â€Å"soul force† which demonstrated compelling in opposing political control that the British illustrated. Truth (Satya) infers love, and immovability (Agraha) induces and along these lines serve’s as an equivalent for power. Gandhi embraced what he realized in South Africa and exhibited his political virtuoso for the Independence battle of India. Under his direction a mass development was made and inevitably through his understanding and his utilization of Satyagraha, Independence was announced in 1949. Gandhi appeared to coordinate an intrigue explicitly to ladies, revealing to them he had incredible confidence in their ability to forfeit and bear languishing. This was an idea that ladies could without much of a stretch fathom since they have associated to suffer and forfeit. Mahatma Gandhi talks about this and clarifies why ladies are increasingly ready to selflessness, â€Å"Woman is the manifestation of Ahimsa. Ahimsa implies limitless love which again implies interminable limit in the biggest measure. She shows it as she conveys the newborn child and feeds it during nine months and infers bliss in the enduring included. What can beat the sufferings brought about by the aches of work? Be that as it may, she overlooks them in the delight of creation. Who, once more, endures day by day with the goal that her darling may wax from today? Let her exchange that adoration the entire humankind, let her overlook she at any point was or can be object of man’s desire. What's more, she will possess her glad situation by the side of man as his mom, producer and quiet pioneer. It is given to her to show the craft of harmony to the warring scene, yearning for that nectar. She can turn into the pioneer of Satyagraha which doesn't require the discovering that books give yet requires the strong heart that originates from affliction and faith† xiv. As should be obvious it was Gandhi’s confidence in women’s quality that started them to advance Satyagraha and become a piece of the development. A huge number of ladies both taught and unskilled, housewives, widows, understudies and the old took part in India’s opportunity development on account of Gandhi’s impact. Gandhi set a one of a kind model among Indian pioneers by including ladies among the â€Å"masses† in a progressively characteristic manner. Ladies took an interest in mass developments drove by him in a characteristic course xv. The ladies of India utilized their new apparatus of latent protection from battle for opportunity and autonomy. During

The Dangers of Drinking and Driving

The Dangers of Drinking and Driving Addiction Alcohol Use Drunk Driving Print The Dangers of Drunk Driving By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 02, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 17, 2019 Yellow Dog Productions / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Drunk Driving Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Although traffic fatalities have been on the decline since 2007, alcohol-related crashes still kill about 10,000 people per year in the United States, with alcohol a factor in one out of three motor vehicle deaths.?? Despite all the warnings, public awareness and educational programs, stiffer penalties for violations, people will still get behind the wheel of their vehicles while intoxicated. Drunk driving numbers for youths and teens decreased by half between 1991 and 2012, they are still at risk whether they are the drivers or not.?? Motor vehicle wrecks are the leading cause of death in the United States for persons under age 24, whether as the driver or the passenger, with almost half involving alcohol as a factor in the crash. How Dangerous Is Drinking and Driving? A driver with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10 or greater is seven times more likely to be involved in a fatal motor vehicle crash than a driver who has not consumed alcoholic beverages, and a driver with an alcohol concentration of 0.15 or greater is about 25 times more likely.?? Basically, the more you drink, the more likely you are to have an accidentâ€"and a fatal one. The same applies to the likelihood of having any vehicle accident, fatal or otherwise. Here are the cold, hard facts. Do You Know What Drunk Driving Laws Your State Has? More Likely to Have a Crash A 160-pound person drinking two 12-ounce beers within an hour would probably have a BAC of 0.02, well below the legal limits of driving under the influence, but 1.4 times more likely to have an accident than someone who is sober.?? One of the problems with setting the legal limit for drunk driving at a blood-alcohol content level of 0.08 is it sends the message that if you are not yet legally drunk, you are therefore okay to drive. Impairment Begins Below  0.08 BAC The problem lies in the fact that impairment begins long before you reach the 0.08 level. Scientific research shows explicitly that some of the skills that you need to drive safely begin to deteriorate even at the 0.02 blood-alcohol level. Experiments have shown that drivers at the  0.02 level experience a decline in visual functionsâ€"their ability to track a moving objectâ€"and experience a decline in the ability to perform two tasks at the same time. Is It Safe to Drink Just Two More Beers? If you had those first two beers that raised your BAC to  0.08 and now you drink two more beers, your likelihood of an accident goes up almost tenfold. At 0.08 BAC, a driver is 11 times more likely than the non-drinking driver to be involved in a crash. As the amount of alcohol in the drivers system rises mathematically on the BAC scale, the likelihood of a traffic accident multiplies. Now add two more beers to your total, you are up to having consumed a six-pack. The likelihood of having an accident is now 48 times higher than the abstainer and the driver has just now passed the 0.10 BAC level. Two more beers: Hey, youve already had a six-pack, two more couldnt hurt, right? Except two more beers could put your BAC close to 0.15 at which point you are  380 times  more likely to have an accident.?? Play It Smart Play it smart during weekends and holidays. If you plan to party away from homeâ€"and this includes on the waterâ€"be sure to appoint a designated driver for the car or operator of the boat. Whatever you do, dont get behind the wheel if youve been drinking. Consider calling a cab or using a rideshare app to get yourself and your loved ones home safe and protect every else on the road. Better yet, if you are going to be drinking away from home, use those options so you dont have a car handy youll be tempted to drive when your judgment is impaired by alcohol. Penalties for Driving While Intoxicated and Vehicular Homicide

To What Extent Have Socialists Disagreed About the Means...

To what extent have socialists disagreed about the means of achieving socialism? Socialism along with many other ideologies has a vast number of different strands and with a couple of different roads to achieving what is fundamentally socialism. Socialism being the ideology that utilises collectivisation to bring people together and to unite people by their common humanity. The two most obvious roads of socialism would be that of revolutionary socialism and also that of evolutionary socialism. This are taken on by two different types of socialists, revisionist socialists and fundamentalist socialists. Revolutionary socialism is the belief that capitalism can only be overthrown by revolution against the current political system. To them†¦show more content†¦This is not doable without violence as the bourgeoisie are unlikely to give up power easily. On the other hand the evolutionary road think that the road to socialism is peaceful and will happen naturally without any sort of violent trigger. To sum socialists think that socialism inevitable no matter wh at road they support, where they differ is how socialism is achieved and the levels of violence required. Both roads are also in agreement with how much need there is for working class consciousness. Socialism in general is very concerned with narrowing the gap between the ruling class and the proletariat. Marxist thinkers, who are very closely linked to revolutionary and revisionist thinkers, believe that the working class are exploited and there is a very clear gap between labour and the capitalists who take advantage of the working class. This links back to the need to revolution as revolutionists believe that this gap will become so large that revolution is the only feasible option. Evolutionists or social democrats define class by income and status differences. Nowadays the link between class and socialists politics had definitely weakened as the gap has become narrower. Furthermore the standards of living and wages have risen significantly and as a result the idea of revolutio n is far less appealing for socialists than it was before. They also agree on the fact that the working class is a huge political force and it isShow MoreRelatedLiberal Perspective of a State7979 Words   |  32 Pagesworld wars and survived major ideological challenges from fascism and communism. Conservatism, fundamentalism, and military dictatorship remain powerful opponents of liberalism. Today, liberals are organized politically on all major continents. They have played a decisive role in the growth of republics, the spread of civil rights and civil liberties, the establishment of the modern welfare state, the institution of religious toleration and religious freedom, and the development of globalization. PoliticalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife

The Debate Over Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples

The Debate Over Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone The very first region of the test is going to be the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing test. The tests are extremely helpful. The majority of the test remained the exact same. Anyway, regular practice tests will reveal to you precisely where you're improving and where you're still able to improve. The approach for this assessment exam should be correctly structured. On top of that, following your practice test, you're going to get personalized practice recommendations so it's possible to concentrate on what you missed. No matter the exam, the path to a greater score is the exact same. All you have to do is know the pace necessary to finish each section of the test, hopefully with a couple of minutes to spare to examine your answers. Therefore, you won't be in a position to use a calculator on a single half of the exam, but will be given full reign to utilize it on an individual half. The essay doesn't factor into the primary ACT score of a maximum 36. To begin with, you're not as likely to acquire writer's block since you're analyzing a passage. Life After Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples You are going to be expected to clearly state a major idea and supply certain examples and details to back up your principal concept, along with follow conventions of standard Engli sh. Next comes the all-important thesis statement that contains a clear outlining of what facets of the author's argument you will be discussing. All the information that you want to compose your essay will be contained in the passage or in notes about it. The info presented in the grammar passage definitely was not conflicting. The New Fuss About Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Whether you're searching for a math tutor, or another sort of academic tutoring, StudyPoint can provide help. The key for an ideal score on the SAT essay is to utilize your time wisely and remain concentrated on the endeavor. Essay 5 Make time to select the practice Essay. Don't forget, that your SAT essay is going to be scored for Reading, and that means you should demonstrate that you comprehend the text's major points. You should find out the format of an effective essay and the way to complete a comprehensive essay within 50 minutes. Learn more about the way the essay is scored. It gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can read and comprehend a passage and write an essay analyzing the passage. KNOWLEDGE based questions ask that you recognize the significance of the situation based on your comprehension of the facts provided. Students may listen to an expert tutor explain the concepts and questions which they're struggling with, in addition to get immediate feedback and an entire explanation for each and every practice question. Nonetheless, it is a great idea to plan on the questions towards the close of the test taking you longer than the questions at the start. There are 52 questions which you must answer in 65 minutes. It's well written and not only offers you practice but helps you with distinctive strategies to attempt to receive the appropriate answer. The absolute most prosperous retesters review the forms of questions that they were unsure how to reply. The Importance of Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Before you're able to consider the pacing for individual sections of the SAT, you need to have some type of idea of the total format of the test. You must answer dozens of samples from every question type before you will feel prepared to tackle the exam. If you would rather, you may also practice employing the MP3 audio format. You will need to assess the test's format and become knowledgeable about its content. Choosing Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples The College Board said it is inten ded to resemble a regular college writing assignment. There are lots of crucial elements in regards to a truly effective SAT study program. The college or university in which you take your test is needed to supply the Pre-Assessment Activity in addition to document your participation. There are two methods to register for the SAT test, on the internet or by mail. Most Noticeable Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Make sure you monitor your pace whilst taking the SAT test. You are also able to get an additional test and a lot of other practice by buying the Magoosh ACT book. The internet practice tests aren't readily available for printing or scoring. Now, in a little bit more detail Taking a practice test at the beginning of your prep is a great idea. The Battle Over Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples and How to Win It Feliciano's following argument is that individuals buy sparkling water since it opens the door to a selection of flavors that soda businesses don't offer. Th e major point is, you don't need to wait until you find the prompt to come up with an arsenal of sorts of argument-building techniques you may use to back up your points. The question population ought to be a superior mix of the types along with cover all PMBOK Guide concepts. If you've tested within the past two decades, you almost certainly will not have to retest. What You Should Do to Find Out About Sat Practice Test 4 Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind Full-length SAT practice tests are a necessary element of SAT prep. It is really key for this. Like most of different exams, you can improve your SAT scores through practice. Mock SAT tests let you track your progress.

Comparison of the Theories of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on Religion Free Essays

Abstract This paper examines the works of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on religion, looking at how both theorists essentially viewed religion as serving an integral role in human culture. In particular, this essay considers how both theorist consider religious believers to be mistaken in their ontological beliefs, and the rational causes for this. Introduction While both Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim are concerned with the study of human behaviour as it relates to culture, each does so from within distinct traditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of the Theories of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now In terms of religion, Freud’s approach belongs to the psychological tradition, while Durkheim puts forward a sociological approach. In the Freudian view, human behaviour is largely driven by inborn and intangible â€Å"drives†, working in the unconscious. Such phenomena are not directly observable, that is, they are non-empirical; they must consequently be inferred, and as such are conjectural. Durkheim’s sociological method, on the other hand, utilises direct empirical observations of social phenomena (rites, rituals, customs, et cetera), looking to account for the impetus behind and purpose of group behaviour. Hence Freud is concerned with obscure, intangible internal phenomena, whereas Durkheim is concerned with overt and tangible external phenomena. Evidently, the theoretical positions in question to a degree divide between internal and external motivations. Different Routes to the Core of a Delusion Durkheim posits a direct connection between environmental variables, the way groups interact with such variables, and how this interaction is perceived by individual members of said group. There is a mode of cyclical reflexivity in this dynamic: this means people â€Å"living together in society generate rules which are felt by any individual member as acting on him from outside, as having a force which he feels as both uplifting and constraining† (Scharf 1970, 151). This force, Durkheim argues, is an externalisation of conventions peculiar to the group; that are perceived as exogenous but which are in fact endogenous. This tendency to externalise, Durkheim suggests, derives from the natural human desire to ascribe meaning to experience, to seek a pattern in the natural order. Thus, as Kunin states, religion likewise â€Å"is an externalisation of society and its order† and speaks to the â€Å"dialectic relationship between the individual and society† (2003, 82). Religion, then, provides for an externalised object onto which collective emotion can be projected; this is ultimately reflexive because the externalisation at root represents the people themselves. As a result, to honour religious custom is indirectly to honour the group. This is why for Durkheim religious experience serves to strengthen group cohesion and bonding. Freud’s understanding of religion is somewhat pejorative. Connolly observes that Freud noticed â€Å"the connection between abnormal psychological conditions and religion† (1991, 146): which observation he expanded upon in his study â€Å"Obsessive acts and Religious Practices† (1907). As the paper’s title suggests, Freud drew a connection between psychological abnormality and religious practice, noting a resemblance between â€Å"what are called obsessive acts in neurotics and those religious observances by means of which the faithful give expression to their piety† (17). In turn, Freud perceived religion, like neurosis, as symptomatic of deep-seated psychological issues. In the words of Gallucci, â€Å"Freud saw religion as a collective neurotic symptom, an obsessional neurosis† (2001, 76). This â€Å"neurosis†, according to psychoanalytic theory, comes about as a defence mechanism against feelings of helplessness which obtain in a d ispassionate cosmos. Hence the need for a cosmic father figure, who, as a parent comforts the child, palliates the religious subject with conciliatory notions (about purpose, meaning, boundaries, rewards, and so on). This entire dynamic apparently stems from Oedipal anxieties, where â€Å"each person grows up with a sense of foreboding toward a father figure who is both feared and loved†; this, it follows, â€Å"becomes the basis for the cosmic father figure, who offers protection and salvation but in the meantime needs to be appeased by devotion and sacrifice† (Clarke 2002, 43). In Freud’s mind, religion therefore constitutes a surrogate parent. On the surface, Freud and Durkheim proffer two seemingly quite different explanations for religion. Importantly, while these theories are not overtly complementary, nor are they mutually exclusive. Indeed, significant parallels may be drawn between each approach. For example, both both theorists argued that religion is an important factor in community cohesion (Scharf 1970, 155); both agree that â€Å"religion is central to any cultural analysis† (Ginsburg and Pardes 2006, 220); and, thus, both hold that â€Å"that the cognitive roots of religious belief are to be found in social experience† (Spiro 1987, 202). These similarities are significant and, moreover, point to one common determinant: that the underlying basis of religious convictions are contrary to what believers suppose. For Durkheim, the real driving force behind religion is social cohesion; for Freud, the impetus is psychological assuagement. In either case, social unity and mental wellbeing obtain, only for slightly different conceptual reasons. From the above, one might argue that Freud and Durkheim share significant overarching perspectives on religion while holding markedly different structural viewpoints on how and why religion functions. Freud is concerned with psychological structures; Durkheim with sociological structures. Freud believes religion works to console believers from the ultimate anxiety of a meaningless cosmos. Durkheim believes religion provides for a canvas on which social phenomena can be externalised and then re-accommodated as an exogenous entity. Again, both modes of behaviour essentially work to the same purpose: instilling a sense of meaning in human life. At this stage, one might consider the ways in which Freudian theory could compensate for shortfalls in the work of Durkheim and vice versa. For instance, Durkheim offers little in the way of early psychological developmental insights, into the religious process; yet there is no reason that early anxiety (of an Oedipal nature) could not cohere with Durkheimian ideas. Indeed, such anxiety and the consequent potential for neurosis could suggest an even greater need for group cohesion: as a way of reifying the delusion through consensus, thus alleviating the anxiety. Again, this would chime with Durkheim’s understanding that religion is â€Å"a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things [. . .] which unite in one single moral community called a Church† (cited in Gain 2010, 39). By the same token, Freud’s limitations could perhaps be overcome with reference to some of Durkheim’s insights. Scharf notes a â€Å"weakness of Freudian theory† in that it â€Å"does little to explain [the] variety† in articulations of paternity and fraternity within religious discourse , advising that, here, â€Å"Durkheim’s structural approach has more value† (1970, 154). Accordingly we see that a synthesis of theoretical approaches may not only be possible but highly advantageous. Conclusion Freud and Durkheim take very different roads to arrive at more or less the same destination. For this reason, significant and consistent core elements may be identified between their works. These include the fundamental belief that religion serves an explicable, material, social purpose which is essentially external to theological concerns; that religious believers are at base mistaken in their beliefs (insomuch as these beliefs are connected to cosmic phenomena beyond the rationally explicable); that, it follows, religion is the irrational articulation of an ultimately rational cause (anxiety or clan behaviour); that religion can function as a surrogate or projection of humanity – reformed with divine auspices; and that, finally, religion is an integral element of human culture. What is fundamentally different in these two authors is their methodological priorities. Each man comes from a very distinct tradition. Put simply, Freud and Durkheim were engaged in different discipl ines; as a result, their pursuits were orientated differently The reason Freud and Durkheim’s works are compared at all is that the realms of the sociological and of the psychological possess mutual territory: the grounds of culture. Both theorists have their limitations. Durkheim can be accused of being over reductive and simplistic. Social structure may not be enough to account for every aspect of religion. Psychological, cognitive and other inborn factors may also have a large part to play. Freud, on the other hand, may place too much onus on the unconscious drives in dictating religious experience. After all, religion is so varied and complex, it might be argued, to defy any wholesale theory to explain it away. What, for example, do we make of religions in which there is no â€Å"father figure† proper; or religions which proclaim no deity at allClearly there are unanswered questions on both sides of the aisle. Perhaps a hybrid methodology that adopted a syncretic approach to the study of religion might help answer these questi ons. After all, it seems to be the case that both Freud and Durkheim arrived at crucial insights into the social and psychological determinants that drive religion. References Clarke, P. J. (2002) Explaining Philosophy and Ethics. Cheltenham: Nelson Thomas. Connolly, P. (1991) â€Å"Psychological Approaches†. In: Connolly, P. ed. Approaches to the Study of Religion. New York: Continuum, pp. 135-193. Durkheim, E. (1912). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. (J. Swain, Trans.) New York: The Free Press. Freud, S. (1907) â€Å"Obsessive Acts and Religious Practices†. In: J Strachey (ed. and trans.) Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press. Gain, M., 2010. On Durkheim’s Rules of Sociological Method (Routledge Revivals). New York: Routledge. Gallucci, G. M., 2001. Plato and Freud: Statesmen of the Soul. Philadelphia: Xlibris. Ginsburg, R. Pardes, L., 2006. New Perspectives on Freud’s Moses and Monotheism. Tubingen: Niemeyer. Kunin, S. D., 2003. Religion: The Modern Theories. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Scharf, B. R., 1970. â€Å"Durkheimian and Freudian Theories of Religion: The Case of Judaism†, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 21. 2 (June), pp. 151-163. Spiro, M. E., 1987. Culture and Human Nature. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. How to cite Comparison of the Theories of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on Religion, Essay examples

Restaurant Business Essays - Types Of Restaurants, Restaurant, Food

Restaurant Business The restaurant industry is very competitive, the lifestyle changes created by modern living continue to fuel its steady growth. More and more people have less time, resources, and ability to cook for themselves. The most important things that we have to concern before opening the restaurant is site selection. I have decided to open a restaurant in Seoul Korea near downtown urban setting; it is an area where people would go out to eat. The customer base will come from 3 major segments; ? Colleges and Universities -- There are 3 universities near my restaurant and one of them are within walking distance. ? Local Businesses ? Local Population The food concept and product image will attract 3 different customer profiles; ? The student-- more and more young people have developed healthy eating habits ? The health conscious person of any age or sex -- this includes anyone on a restricted or prescribed diet or those who have committed to a healthy diet. ? Curious and open-minded ? ?if you try it, you will like it.? Through publicity, and word of mouth, people will seek out a new experience and learn that nutritious food can be tasty, fun, convenient, and inexpensive. Products & Related Services My Restaurant will be offering a menu of food and beverages with a distinctive image. There will be three was to purchase these products; table service at the restaurant, take-out from the restaurant, and delivery to home or office. The Menu The menu is moderate sized, and moderate-low priced offering a collection of ethnic and American items with a common theme -- healthy (low-fat, low cholesterol, natural ingredients), flavorful, and familiar. Our goal is to create the image of light satisfying and still nutritious food. Production Food production and assembly will take place in the kitchen of the restaurant. Fresh vegetables, meat and dairy products will be used to crate most of the dishes from scratch. The chef will exercise strict standards of sanitation, quality production, and presentation or packaging over the kitchen and service staff. Service There will be three ways a customer can purchase food. They may sit down at one of the 25 seats in the dining room and get full service from a waitperson. A separate take-out counter will service those who wish to pick up their food. Most take-out food will be prepared to order with orders coming from either the telephone or fax. Delivery (an indirect form of take-out) will be available at certain times and to a limited area. Operations Hours of Operation The restaurant will be open for lunch and dinner 7 days a week. Service will begin at 11:00 AM and end at 11:00 PM. The restaurant will be closed Thanksgiving day. Employee Training & Education Employees will be trained not only in their specific operational duties but in the philosophy and applications of our concept. They will receive extensive information from the chef and be kept informed of the latest information on healthy eating. Systems & Controls A big emphasis is being placed on extensive research into the quality and integrity of our products. They will constantly be tested for our own high standards of freshness and purity. Food costs and inventory control will be handled by our computer system and checked daily by management. Food Production Most food will be prepared on the premises. The kitchen will be designed for high standards of sanitary efficiency and cleaned daily. Food will be made mostly to order and stored in large coolers in the basement. Delivery & Catering Food for delivery may be similar to take-out (prepared to order) or it may be prepared earlier and stocked. Catering will be treated as deliveries. The Competition There are over a dozen restaurants in the downtown area that sell food at similar prices. Although this presents an obvious challenge in terms of market share, it also indicates the presence of a large, strong potential. The newest competitors have made their successful entry based on an innovative concept or novelty. My restaurant will offer an innovative product in a familiar style at a competitive price. My aggressive plans of take-out and delivery will also give us an advantage to create a good market share before the competition can adjust or similar concepts appear. Competitive Strategy There are